BP and Cap Dynamics Questions

Factors that Affect Blood Pressure
1. What are the three main factors affecting peripheral resistance?2. What effect does vessel diameter have on peripheral resistance and blood pressure?3. What effect does sympathetic nerves have on the vessels smooth muscle layer?4. State three vasoconstrictors.5. How does viscosity affect the peripheral resistance?6. What effect does viscosity have on peripheral resistance and blood pressure?7. How does blood vessel length affect blood pressure?8. How does blood vessel elasticity affect blood pressure?9. How does blood volume affect blood pressure?10. State two behaviors that can affect blood pressure and explain how?11. Describe how changes in cardiac output affect blood pressure.12. What are the effects of autonomic stimulation on blood pressure?13. What affect does changes in stroke volume have upon blood pressure?
Blood Pressure Regulation
1. How is rising blood pressure detected by the body?2. Describe how the brain lowers blood pressure in response to signals that it is increasing?3. Describe the short term regulation of falling blood pressure.4. What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the cardiovascular system?5. How do juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys contribute to the long term regulation of blood pressure?6. Describe the steps of the renin-angiotensin mechanism.7. What is the secondary effect of angiotensin that causes it to raise the blood pressure?8. What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?9. What is the long term effect of an increase in osmolarity?10. What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?11. What is the short term effect of an increase in osmolarity?
Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics
1. Explain how blood flow is controlled at the capillary bed.2. What is the effect of different concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the capillary bed?3. What is the effect of pH on the precapillary sphincters of the capillary bed?4. Name some other factors that influence blood flow through the capillary bed.5. State structural features of capillaries that aid in the transport of nutrients across the capillary wall.6. By what process does oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the capillary wall?7. What type of molecules are transported across the capillary wall by exocytosis?8. Explain why bulk fluid flows are important at capillary beds.9. What is hydrostatic pressure?10. What is the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries?11. How does the hydrostatic pressure in the arteriole end of capillaries compare with that in the venule end.12. Why is the hydrostatic pressure in the fluid spaces normally low?13. What is the net hydrostatic pressure and how does it affect the net movement of fluid across the capillaries?14. What is osmotic pressure?15. Why does the capillary bed have a high osmotic pressure?16. Why is the osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid low?17. Where does the fluid flow in a capillary bed because of the net osmotic pressure across the capillary walls?